Pengaruh Indeks Kompleksitas Ekonomi terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Negara-Negara ASEAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61994/equivalent.v4i1.1406Keywords:
Ketimpangan Pendapatan , ASEAN, PDB, FDI, Indeks Kompleksitas Ekonomi, PengangguranAbstract
Income inequality is an economic problem that still exists in various countries due to uneven income distribution. ASEAN is an organization for cooperation among Southeast Asian countries where, in terms of economic growth, each country has significant differences. In addition, in terms of trade balance, Singapore has the highest trade value, while Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand have trade deficits. Of course, there are many other factors that illustrate inequality in ASEAN countries, such as foreign investment, economic complexity index, and unemployment rates. Based on the results of the study, GDP per capita has a positive and significant effect on income inequality, foreign investment (FDI) has a significant and negative effect on income inequality, the economic complexity index has no significant effect and a negative effect on income inequality, and unemployment has a significant and positive effect on income inequality.
Abstrak
Ketimpangan pendapatan merupakan masalah ekonomi yang masih terjadi di berbagai negara akibat distribusi pendapatan yang tidak merata. ASEAN merupakan organisasi Kerjasama antar negara Asia Tenggara dimana melihat dari pertumbuhan ekonomi setiap negara memiliki perbedaan yang cukup signifikan, selain itu dilihat dari neraca perdagangan dimana Singapura memiliki nilai perdagangan tertinggi, sedangkan Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand mengalami defisit perdangan. Tentunya masih banyak faktor lain yang menggambarkan ketimpangan di negara-negara ASEAN seperti, investasi luar negeri, indeks kompleksitas ekonomi, dan tingkat pengangguran. Sehingga perlu untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan di ASEAN. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian PDB per kapita berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan, Investasi luar negeri (FDI) berpengaruh signifikan dan negatif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan Indeks Kompleksitas Ekonomi tidak berpengaruh signifikan dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Pengangguran berpengaruh signifikan dan positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan.
References
Alamanda. (2020). The Effect of Economic Growth on Income Inequality : Panel Data Analysis From Fifty Countries. Info Artha.
Anasta, A., & Sylviana, W. (2024). Analysis of Income Inequality in ASEAN Countries. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan, 9(1), 64–78. https://doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v9i1.53554
ASEAN Key Figures. (2024). ASEAN Key Figures 2024. The ASEAN Secretariat. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASEAN-Key-Figures-2024-1.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
ASEANstats Data Portal. (2025). ASEAN Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Annual . ASEANstats. https://data.aseanstats.org/asean-gdp-annual
Caous, E. Le, & Huarng, F. (2020). Economic Complexity and the Mediating Effects of Income Inequality: Reaching Sustainable Development in Developing Countries. Sustainability 2020, Vol. 12, Page 2089, 12(5), 2089. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12052089
Gómez-Zaldívar, M., Osorio-Caballero, M. I., & Saucedo-Acosta, E. J. (2022). Income inequality and economic complexity: Evidence from Mexican states. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 14(6), 344–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/RSP3.12580
Hannany, Z., & Effendi. (2025). BPS: Indonesia saw highest unemployment in ASEAN, job quality worsens | IDNFinancials. IDN Financials. https://www.idnfinancials.com/news/54292/bps-indonesia-saw-highest-unemployment-in-asean-job-quality-worsens
Hayes, A. (2025). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): What It Is, Types, and Examples. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fdi.asp
Hindun, H., Soejoto, A., & Hariyati, H. (2019). Pengaruh Pendidikan, Pengangguran, dan Kemiskinan terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 8(3), 250. https://doi.org/10.26418/JEBIK.V8I3.34721
IMF. (2025). Gross Domestic Product: An Economy’s All. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/gross-domestic-product-GDP
Jianu, I., Dinu, M., Huru, D., & Bodislav, A. (2021). Examining the Relationship between Income Inequality and Growth from the Perspective of EU Member States’ Stage of Development. Sustainability 2021, Vol. 13, Page 5204, 13(9), 5204. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13095204
Kaulihowa, T., & Adjasi, C. (2018). FDI and income inequality in Africa. Oxford Development Studies, 46(2), 250–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2017.1381233;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Kompas. (2025). Pertumbuhan 8 Persen Perlu Ditopang Kompleksitas Ekonomi. Kompas. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/pertumbuhan-8-persen-perlu-ditopang-kompleksitas-ekonomi
Masigan, A. J. (2022, January). PIDS - Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://pids.gov.ph/details/income-inequality-a-social-timebomb
Nguyen, C. P., Nguyen, B. Q., & Tran, D. T. Le. (2023). Economic complexity and income inequality: New evidence of a nonlinear effect. Social Science Quarterly, 104(4), 829–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/SSQU.13281;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI
OECD. (2024). Unemployment rate . OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/unemployment-rate.html
Purwanti, A. (2023). Momentum Memperkuat Ekonomi ASEAN. Kompas. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/momentum-memperkuat-ekonomi-asean
Putri, A. S., & Anggraini, S. (2024). Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi , Upah Minimun dan Tingkat Penganggguran terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Kota Tanjungpinang. Jurnal Manajerial Dan Bisnis Tanjungpinangisnis Tanjungpinang, 7(2).
Rahayu, S. E., & Febriaty, H. (2024). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan di Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Ekonomikawan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Studi Pembangunan, 24(2), 286–300. https://doi.org/10.30596/ekonomikawan.v24i2.22007
Royan, M., Riyanto, W. H., & Nuraini, I. (2019). Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Investasi terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi (JIE), 3.
Shopia, A., & Sulasmiyati, S. (2018). PENGARUH FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, EKSPOR, DAN UTANG LUAR NEGERI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI ASEAN (Studi Pada Produk Domestik Bruto Indonesia, Malaysia, Dan Thailand Periode Tahun 2007 – 2016). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 61(3), 20–28. https://administrasibisnis.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/jab/article/view/2594
Subekti, M. J. M., & Sari, D. W. (2024). The Influence of Economic Complexity Index on Income Inequality in G20 Forum Countries. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan, 9(1), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v9i1.57677
The ASEAN Secretariat. (2023). ASEAN Key Figures 2023.
Vossen, V. (n.d.). Dynamic Panel Data Estimation with System-GMM. Tilburg ScienceHub; Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
Yuldashev, M., Khalikov, U., Nasriddinov, F., Ismailova, N., Kuldasheva, Z., & Ahmad, M. (2023). Impact of foreign direct investment on income inequality: Evidence from selected Asian economies. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0281870. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0281870
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Alvina Zahra Wicaksana, Vika Annisa Qurrata, Thomas Soseco (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
