Kristiani Br Ginting, Noni Ardian, Ramadhan Harahap. The Effect of Financial Literacy, Risk Perception, and Income on Investment Decisions with Self-Efficacy as an Intervening Variable in Generation Z of GemsGBKP Binjai City. Equivalent . 2026;4(2):2071-2088. doi:10.61994/equivalent.v4i2.1887